Fedt. MUFOBES

[Jan Projekt Smørhul]

Hej.

Efter min mening er MUFOBES-forsøget et af de mest spændende, der overhovedet er foretaget.

Men har set på en halvfed/fed versus mager versus halvfed kost ved overvægtige personer. Ved den halvfede/fede kost får de en meget stor mængde mono/enkelt-umættede fedtsyrer.

Jeg har været i kontakt med Anette Due angående MUFOBES. Følgende skulle ifølge hende være om MUFOBES.

Man kan gå ind på Medline/Pubmed og søge på "due a astrup a monuunsaturated". Så kommer følgende frem. Nogle af artiklerne er såkaldte free articles.

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Br J Nutr. 2009 Jun;101(12):1846-58. Epub 2008 Dec 16.

The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period.

Sloth B, Due A, Larsen TM, Holst JJ, Heding A, Astrup A.

Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark. [email protected]

Abstract

We aimed to test the effects of three different weight maintenance diets on appetite, glucose and fat metabolism following an initial low-energy diet (LED) induced body weight loss. Following an 8-week LED and a 2-3-week refeeding period, 131 subjects were randomized to three diets for 6 months: MUFA, moderate-fat (35-45 energy percentage (E%) fat), high in MUFA with low glycaemic index; LF, low fat (20-30 E% fat) or CTR, control (35 E% fat). A meal test study was performed in a subgroup, before and after the 6-month dietary intervention, with forty-two subjects completing both meal tests. No difference in body weight, energy intake or appetite ratings were observed between diets. Both the LF and MUFA diets compared to CTR diet reduced postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia and lowered fasting insulin from month 0 to month 6. Following the 8-week LED period lower levels of the appetite regulating peptides, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, along with increased appetite scores were seen in comparison to measurements performed after the 6-month dietary intervention. In conclusion, the two competing diets, MUFA and LF, were equally good with respect to glucose metabolism, whereas the CTR diet resembling the typical Western diet, high in SFA, sugar and high glycaemic carbohydrates, indicated associations to lowering of insulin sensitivity. Lower levels of appetite regulatory peptides along with increased appetite scores following an 8-week LED and 2-3-week refeeding period, suggest that strategies for physiological appetite control following a LED period are needed, in order to prevent weight regain.

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Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Nov;88(5):1232-41.

Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6-mo randomized, controlled trial.

Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Astrup A.

Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

Comment in:

Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Nov;88(5):1185-6.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The optimal dietary content and type of fat and carbohydrate for weight management has been debated for decades. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare the effects of 3 ad libitum diets on the maintenance of an initial weight loss of >or=8% and risk factors for CVD and diabetes during a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention. DESIGN: Nondiabetic overweight or obese [mean +/- SD body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 31.5 +/- 2.6] men (n = 55) and women (n = 76) aged 28.2 +/- 4.8 y were randomly assigned to a diet providing a moderate amount of fat (35-45% of energy) and >20% of fat as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet; n = 54), to a low-fat (20-30% of energy) diet (LF diet; n = 51), or to a control diet (35% of energy as fat; n = 26). Protein constituted 10-20% of energy in all 3 diets. All foods were provided free of charge from a purpose-built supermarket. RESULTS: More subjects dropped out of the MUFA (28%) group than out of the LF group (16%) and control group (8%) (MUFA compared with control: P < 0.05). All groups regained weight (MUFA: 2.5 +/- 0.7 kg; LF: 2.2 +/- 0.7 kg; and control: 3.8 +/- 0.8 kg; NS). Body fat regain was lower in the LF (0.6 +/- 0.6%) and MUFA (1.6 +/- 0.6%) groups than in the control group (2.6 +/- 0.5%) (P < 0.05). In the MUFA group, fasting insulin decreased by 2.6 +/- 3.5 pmol/L, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance by 0.17 +/- 0.13, and the ratio of LDL to HDL by 0.33 +/- 0.13; in the LF group, these variables increased by 4.3 +/- 3.0 pmol/L (P < 0.08) and 0.17 +/- 0.10 (P < 0.05) and decreased by 0.02 +/- 0.09 (P = 0.005), respectively; and in the control group, increased by 14.0 +/- 4.3 pmol/L (P < 0.001), 0.57 +/- 0.17 (P < 0.001), and 0.05 +/- 0.14 (P = 0.036), respectively. Dietary adherence was high on the basis of fatty acid changes in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Diet composition had no major effect on preventing weight regain. However, both the LF and MUFA diets produced less body fat regain than did the control diet, and the dropout rate was lowest in the LF diet group, whereas fasting insulin decreased and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and ratio of LDL to HDL improved with the MUFA diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00274729.

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Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):855-62.

Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.

Due A, Larsen TM, Hermansen K, Stender S, Holst JJ, Toubro S, Martinussen T, Astrup A.

Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The effect of dietary fat and carbohydrate on glucose metabolism has been debated for decades. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare the effect of 3 ad libitum diets, different in type and amount of fat and carbohydrate, on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance subsequent to weight loss. DESIGN: Forty-six nondiabetic, obese [mean (+/-SEM) body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 31.2 +/- 0.3] men (n = 20) and premenopausal women (n = 26) aged 28.0 +/- 0.7 y were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets after > or = 8% weight loss: 1) MUFA diet (n = 16): moderate in fat (35-45% of energy) and high in monounsaturated fatty acids ( > 20% of energy); 2) LF diet (n = 18): low-fat diet (20-30% of energy), and 3) control diet (n = 12): 35% of energy as fat ( > 15% of energy as saturated fatty acids). Protein accounted for 15% of energy in all 3 diets. A 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and after the 6-mo dietary intervention. All foods were provided by a purpose-built supermarket. RESULTS: After 6 mo, the MUFA diet reduced fasting glucose (-3.0%), insulin (-9.4%), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score (-12.1%). Compared with the MUFA diet, the control diet increased these variables [1.4% (P = 0.014), 21.2% (P = 0.030), and 22.8% (P = 0.015), respectively], as did the LF diet [1.4% (P = 0.090), 13.1% (P = 0.078), and 15.5% (P = 0.095), respectively]. No significant group differences were detected in glucose or insulin concentrations during the OGTT, in the Matsudas index, in body weight, or in body composition. CONCLUSION: A diet high in monounsaturated fat has a more favorable effect on glucose homeostasis than does the typical Western diet in the short term and may also be more beneficial than the official recommended low-fat diet during a period of weight regain subsequent to weight loss.

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Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1014-22.

Effect on 24-h energy expenditure of a moderate-fat diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich diet: a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention trial.

Rasmussen LG, Larsen TM, Mortensen PK, Due A, Astrup A.

Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark. [email protected]

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dietary fat has a lower thermogenic effect than does carbohydrate. A moderate-fat diet, high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet), may decrease energy expenditure (EE) and thereby induce weight gain. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare changes in 24-h EE and substrate oxidation after a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention with either a MUFA or a low-fat (LF) diet. DESIGN: Twenty-seven overweight [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 28.1 +/- 0.4] nondiabetic subjects aged 18-36 y followed an 8-wk low-calorie diet and a 2-wk weight-stabilizing diet and then were randomly assigned to a MUFA (n = 12) or LF (n = 15) diet for 6 mo. Substrate oxidation and 24-h EE were measured by whole-body indirect calorimetry. The first measurement (0 mo) was taken during the weight-stabilizing diet, and the second measurement was taken after the 6-mo intervention. RESULTS: A tendency was seen toward a lower 24-h EE with the MUFA than with the LF diet (P = 0.0675), but this trend did not remain after adjustment for the initial loses of fat mass and fat-free mass (P = 0.2963). Meal-induced thermogenesis was significantly (P < 0.05) lower with the MUFA than with the LF diet, but no time x treatment interaction was found. A significant (P = 0.0456) treatment x time interaction was found for spontaneous physical activity. CONCLUSION: Despite a slightly lower meal-induced thermogenesis, the MUFA diet had an effect on 24-h EE that was not significantly different from that of the LF diet after a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention

Venlig hilsen

Jan Hervig Nielsen

Ideudvikler

Projekt Smørhul

(og Projekt Trafiksikkerhed)

Projekterne er 2 afslappede fritidsforetagender uden økonomiske interesser. For mange år siden har jeg læst anatomi (bl.a. bevægeapparatet), fysiologi, biokemi, sygdomslære, ernæring og lært alternativ behandling. Det meste på næsten bachelor-niveau. Jeg benytter mig ikke mere af Medline/Pubmed og Cochrane, som nogle fagfolk bruger. "Kostvejledningen" er rettet mod 20-60 årige personer, der ikke dyrker meget sport.

[-Elvirus-]

Hvad er det præcist som du finder så interessant ved studierne (er bare nysgerrig, eftersom det er en hel del abstracts du har smidt ind )

[Jan Projekt Smørhul]

Hej Elvirus.

Baggrunden for min store interesse for MUFOBES-forsøget ligger mange år tilbage.

Den daværende gennemsnitsdansker spiste en kost, der ikke var mager. Det vil sige, at fedts E% i kosten var betydelig over 30. (E% er procent af fødens og kosttilskuds samlede energimængde). Så et stykke over en trejdedel af fødens energi kom fra fedt. Mange danskere havde med andre ord lyst til en fed/halvfed kost. Det fandt de livskvalitet i.

I myndighedernes og andres oplysning til folket stod der, at fedts E% skulle ned på under 30 E%. Det vil sige, at kun 30 % af energien måtte komme fra fedt, dersom man ville leve sundt. Det var så målet at få gennemsnitsdanskeren til at spise en mager kost.

Problemet var bare, at kostundersøgelse® viste, at danskerne blev ved med at spise en kost, der indeholdt betydeligt over 30 E% fedt. Gennemsnitsdanskeren var med andre ord ikke indstillet på at spise en mager kost med kun 30 E% fedt.

Jeg stillede mig derfor spørgsmålene: Hvad gør man så? Kan en kost med over 30 E% fedt være sund?

I mit speciale gik jeg i dybden med dette. Jeg stillede mig selv spørgsmålet: Kan en halvfed kost med 35 E% fedt være lige så sund som en mager kost med kun 30 E% fedt?

Jeg så bl.a. på Ancel Keys Seven Country Study. Hans undersøgelse tydede på, at man godt kan leve sundt, dersom man spiser en fed/halvfed kost med betydeligt mere end 30 E% fedt.

Min konklusion i specialet var, at man godt kan sammensætte en halvfed kost med mindst 35 E% fedt, der er sund, dersom man er i energibalance.

Og hvis man nærlæser myndighedernes/andres og NNRs skriverier, fremgår det også, at sund kost godt kan indeholde 35 E% fedt, dersom man er i energibalance.

Hvis jeg havde ret i mit speciales konklusion, er det jo godt "nyt" for de mange danskere, der ikke bryder sig om en mager kost med max. 30 E% fedt.

Al respekt for mig, men mit speciale var jo ikke videnskab på højt niveau. Derfor er det godt, at vi nu har MUFOBES, som efter min mening er videnskab på højt niveau.

Dette er baggrunden for, at jeg mener, at MUFOBES er en af de mest spændende undersøgelser overhovedet. Her giver man jo en fed/halvfed kost med meget store mængder mono/enkelt-umættede fedtsyrer til overvægtige. Og dette sammenligner man bl.a med en mager kost.

Det er utroligt positivt, hvis man nu kan bevise, at der findes andre sunde kosttyper end en mager kost med max. 30 E% fedt. Alle de danskere, som forgæves har forsøgt at følge en mager kost, kan nu - måske - ånde lettet op og følge en anden og lettere vej; nemlig en federe kost. Ja, måske kan nogle danskere endda gå op til 40 E% fedt og stadig leve sundt.

En kost med mindst 35 E% fedt kan bestå af højst 10 E% mættede, 15-20 % enkelt/mono-umættede og 5-10 E% fler/poly-umættede fedtsyrer.

I januar meddelte Anette Due mig, at det ikke er alle resultater, som endnu er offenliggjort fra MUFOBES. Så der mangler stadig lidt arbejde fra fagfolkene, førend vi kan drage alle konklusionerne.

En del personer har ligesom mig nok haft en fornemmelse af, at en halvfed kost med nødder, mandler, olier m.m. kan være sund. Olier med mange enkelt/mono-umættede fedtsyrer er oliven- og rapsolie. Nu står vi - måske - med beviset i hånden.

Venlig hilsen Jan, Projekt S og T

[Jan Projekt Smørhul]

Hej.

Der er en artikel om MUFOBES, som er skrevet af Ph.D. Anette Due fra Københavns Universitet.

Den findes i fagbladet "Diætisten". Den hedder "Kan et vægttab vedligeholdes på en fed kost".

Hvis du vil læse den, skal du gå ind på:

http://www.diaetist.dk/Artikler

Derefter finder du "Diætisten" Nr 100 August 2009. Og så går du hen til side 22.

Jeg synes, at det er spændende læsning.

En del forsøgspersoner brød sig vist ikke om den halvfede/fede kost i forsøget. Det kan man bl.a læse om i artiklen.

Fagfolk bag MUFOBES har iøvrigt sendt en videnskabelig artikel til et fagtidskskrift. Men den er endnu ikke trykt. Når den er trykt, vender jeg måske tilbage med et abstract. Så har vi vist alle de abstracts, som vi har brug for, i denne tråd.

Venlig hilsen Jan, Projekt S og T