Kefir

[Limited]

Hvorfor har jeg først set denne tråd nu - det er jo genial læsning :4thumbup:

[Antaeus]

Ja, den er godt nok underholdende og samtidig sørgeligt at man kan få så lidt ud af en 5-årig universitets-uddannelse.

Kildekritik er nærmest ikke tilstedværrende.

Litteraturhenvisningen er meget alternativ, ligeså måden at argumentere på.

Normal videnskabelig fremgangsmåde virker som at være ukendt.

Endvidere meget dårlig stil bare at diske op med tilfældige ikke videnskabelige links eller tekst som står alene. Man bør i det mindste forholde sig til det. Jeg vil ikke læse noget tilfældigt internet-crap. Hvis det var Pubmed-artikler så ville det begynde at være interessant. Mht. de links, der er henvist til, der har vedkommende vist glemt at tjekke reference-listen (det var så det eneste jeg gad da det hurtigt giver et overblik over seriøsitet). Når det er gjort så vil man finde ud af at det er en OM'er.

Det meste af det, der anses som homeopatisk urtegøjl er det også. Nogle urter m.m. har en positiv effekt med den rette behandling, som selvfølgelig undersøges før man bare begynder at behandle i tusindvis af patienter. Hypericum har vist sig at være udmærket, men bør indtages i samråd med læge da det påvirker en række andre lægemidler og depression er en alvorlig sygdom.

[Limited]

Ja, den er godt nok underholdende og samtidig sørgeligt at man kan få så lidt ud af en 5-årig universitets-uddannelse.

Ah, der er vist rimelig stor sandsynlighed for at det er en and. Det kan (og må) ganske simpelt ikke være muligt at fuldføre en naturvidenskabelig uddannelse og have så ringe forståelse af den videnskabelige arbejdsmetode.

[Davinchi]

Her er så 5 forskellige videnskabelige studier lavet på kombucha og alle af nyere karakter. Alle kan findes på Pubmed.

Effect of Kombucha tea on chromate(VI)-induced oxidative stress in albino rats.

Sai Ram M, Anju B, Pauline T, Dipti P, Kain AK, Mongia SS, Sharma SK, Singh B, Singh R, Ilavazhagan G, Kumar D, Selvamurthy W.

Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, 110054, Delhi, India.

The effect of Kombucha tea (KT) on oxidative stress induced changes in rats subjected to chromate treatment are reported. KT feeding alone did not show any significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, but did enhance humoral response and delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response appreciably over control animals. Chromate treatment significantly enhanced plasma and tissue MDA levels, decreased DTH response considerably, enhanced glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities; however, no change in GSH, superoxide dismutase and antibody titres was noticed. KT feeding completely reversed the chromate-induced changes. These results show that Kombucha tea has potent anti-oxidant and immunopotentiating activities.

PMID: 10904168 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Lead induced oxidative stress: beneficial effects of Kombucha tea.

Dipti P, Yogesh B, Kain AK, Pauline T, Anju B, Sairam M, Singh B, Mongia SS, Kumar GI, Selvamurthy W.

Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India. [email protected]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of Kombucha tea (K-tea) on lead induced oxidative stress. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats were administered 1 mL of 3.8% lead acetate solution daily alone or in combination with K-tea orally for 45 d, and the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. RESULTS: Oral administration of lead acetate to rats enhanced lipid peroxidation and release of creatine phosphokinase and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase, GPx). Lead treatment did not alter humoral immunity, but inhibited DTH response when compared to the control. Lead administration also increased DNA fragmentation in liver. Oral administration of Kombucha tea to rats exposed to lead decreased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage with a concomitant increase in the reduced glutathione level and GPx activity. Kombucha tea supplementation relieved the lead induced immunosuppression to appreciable levels. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that K-tea has potent antioxidant and immunomodulating properties.

PMID: 14631833 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Studies on toxicity, anti-stress and hepato-protective properties of Kombucha tea.

Pauline T, Dipti P, Anju B, Kavimani S, Sharma SK, Kain AK, Sarada SK, Sairam M, Ilavazhagan G, Devendra K, Selvamurthy W.

Defence Institute of Physiology Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Lucknow Road, Delhi-110054, India.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate toxicity, anti-stress activity and hepato-protective properties of Kombucha tea. METHOD: Kombucha tea was fed orally for 15 days using three different doses i.e. normal dose, five and ten times the dose. Rats were then sacrificed and various biochemical, and histological parameters were estimated. Anti-stress activity was evaluated either by 1) by exposing animals to cold and hypoxia and estimating the levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in plasma/blood or 2) by subjecting the animals to restraint stress and recording faecal output. Hepato-toxicity was induced by challenging the animals to an acute dose of paracetamol (1 gm/kg) orally and determining the plasma levels of SGPT, SGOT and MDA. RESULTS: The effect of oral administration of different doses of K-tea to albino rats was examined and the results indicate that K-tea has no significant toxicity as revealed by various biochemical and histopathological parameters. K-tea has been found to prevent lipid peroxidation and fall in reduced glutathione level when rats were exposed to cold and hypoxia in simulated chamber. Further, K-tea has also been found to decrease the Wrap-restraint faecal pellet output in rats. K-tea has also been found to decrease paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity significantly. CONCLUSION: The study shows that K-tea has anti-stress and hepato-protective activities.

PMID: 11723720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Subacute (90 days) oral toxicity studies of Kombucha tea.

Vijayaraghavan R, Singh M, Rao PV, Bhattacharya R, Kumar P, Sugendran K, Kumar O, Pant SC, Singh R.

Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior-474002, India. [email protected]

Kombucha tea (KT) is a popular health beverage and is used as an alternative therapy. KT is prepared by placing the kombucha culture in solution of tea and sugar and allowing to ferment. The inoculum is a fungus consisting of symbiotic colony of yeast and bacteria. KT is consumed in several countries and is believed to have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in a wide variety of ailments, viz., intestinal disorders, arthritis, ageing and stimulation of immunological system. Though KT is used in several parts of the world its beneficial effects and adverse effects have not been scientifically evaluated. Since there are no animal toxicological data on KT, subacute oral toxicity study was carried out. Five groups of rats were maintained: (a) control group given tap water orally, (B) KT given 2 ml/kg orally, © plain tea (PT) given 2 ml/kg orally, (d) KT given in drinking water, 1% (v/v) and (e) PT given in drinking water, 1% (v/v). The rats were given this treatment daily for a period of 90 days. Weekly records of weight, feed intake, water intake and general behaviour were monitored. There was no significant difference in the growth of the animals as evidenced by the progressive body weight change. The organ to body weight ratio and histological evaluation did not show any toxic signs. The haematological and biochemical variables were within the clinical limits. The study indicates that rats fed KT for 90 days showed no toxic effects.

PMID: 11351863 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Effects of chronic kombucha ingestion on open-field behaviors, longevity, appetitive behaviors, and organs in c57-bl/6 mice: a pilot study.

Hartmann AM, Burleson LE, Holmes AK, Geist CR.

Department of Psychology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-6480, USA.

Kombucha is a lightly fermented tea beverage popularly consumed as a self-prescribed folk-remedy for numerous ailments. Kombucha is claimed to enhance cognition, aid weight loss, and prolong life. This pilot study reports longevity, general health, and open-field exploratory behavioral outcomes from a 3-y longitudinal study of 64 C57-BL/6 mice (males and females), half of which chronically drank kombucha, and all of which experienced natural mortality. Compared by MANOVA to controls, mice that drank kombucha showed greater vertical exploration (P = 0.001) and a sex-interactive effect in novel object manipulation (P = 0.049). MANOVA of kombucha-drinking mice compared to controls detected differences in appetitive behaviors (food consumption, P < 0.001; beverage consumption, P = 0. 008), and gross body weight (P < 0.001). Appetitive behaviors changed with the addition of voluntary exercise on a running wheel, with differing patterns of change noted for males and females. Both male and female mice who drank kombucha lived longer than controls (P < 0.001), with the greatest variability among the male mice (sex interactive effect, P < 0.001). Comparable effects and mechanisms in humans remain uncertain, as do health safety issues, because serious health problems and fatalities have been reported and attributed to drinking kombucha.

PMID: 10978857 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

De omtalte helbredsproblemer der omtales i den sidste artikel henviser til artikler hvor voldsomt overdrevet forbrug eller usanitære forhold må siges at være problemet.

[Davinchi]

Og til alle dem som snakkede om ænder, ufoer og pyramidekrafter, men ikke gad tage et kig på pubmed er her også lidt om kefir.

Suppression of UVC-induced cell damage and enhancement of DNA repair by the fermented milk, Kefir.

Nagira T, Narisawa J, Teruya K, Katakura Y, Shim SY, Kusumoto K, Tokumaru S, Tokumaru K, Barnes DW, Shirahata S.

Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.

An aqueous extract of Kefir, fermented milk originally produced in the Caucasus mountains, suppressed morphological changes of human melanoma HMV-1 and SK-MEL cells and human normal fibroblastTIG-1 cells caused by UVC-irradiation, suggesting that UV damage can be suppressed by the Kefir extract. The addition of the Kefir extract after UVC-irradiation of HVM-1 cells resulted in a remarkable decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which had been increased by UVC irradiation. The Kefir extract also stimulated unscheduled DNA synthesis and suppressed UVC-induced apoptosis of HMV-1 cells. A colony formation assay revealed that the Kefir extract rescued HMV-1 cells from cell death caused by UVC irradiation. The Kefir extract, as well as methyl methanethiosulfonate which is known to enhance the nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity, exhibited strong thymine dimer repair-enhancing activity. Epigalocatechin exhibited a weak NER activity but vitamins A, C, and E and catechin showed no NER activity. The thymine dimer repair-enhancing factors in the Kefir extract were heat-stable and assumed to be molecules with a molecular weight of less than 5000. The treatment of HMV-1 cells with the Kefir extract during or before UVC- irradiation also prevented the generation of ROS and thymine dimmer, and suppressed the apoptosis of HMV-1 cells, suggesting that application of Kefir can prevent UV damage.

Consumption of a functional fermented milk containing collagen hydrolysate improves the concentration of collagen-specific amino acids in plasma.

Walrand S, Chiotelli E, Noirt F, Mwewa S, Lassel T.

INRA, UMR1019, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.

Clinical studies have shown that collagen hydrolysate (CH) may be able to protect joints from damage, strengthen joints, and reduce pain from conditions like osteoarthritis. CH is a collection of amino acids and bioactive peptides, which allows for easy absorption into the blood stream and distribution in tissues. However, although various matrices have been studied, the absorption of specific amino acids from CH added to a fresh fermented milk product (FMP) was not studied. The primary objective of the present study was to compare the plasma concentrations of four representative amino acids from the CH (glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) contained in a single administration of a FMP with that of a single administration of an equal amount of neat hydrolyzed collagen. These four amino acids were chosen because they have already been used as markers of CH absorption rate and bioavailability. This was a single-center, randomized open, and crossover study with two periods, which was performed in 15 healthy male subjects. The subjects received randomly and in fasted state a single dose of product 1 (10 g of CH in 100 mL of FMP) and product 2 (10 g of CH dissolved in 100 mL of water) separated by at least 5 days. After administration, the subjects were assessed for plasma concentrations of amino acids and for urine concentrations of hydroxyproline. After FMP administration, mean values of the maximal concentration (Cmax) of the four amino acids were greater than after ingredient administration (p < 0.05). This effect was related to an increased Cmax of proline (p < 0.05). In conclusion, because of their physicochemical characteristics, the fermentation process, and the great homogeneity of the preparation, this milk product improves the plasma concentration of amino acids from CH, that is, proline. The present study suggests an interesting role for FMP containing CH to improve the plasmatic availability of collagen-specific amino acids. Hence, this FMP product could be of potential interest in the management of joint diseases.

PMID: 18707117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Christensen KM, Hafeezullah M, Varma RR, Franco J, Pleuss JA, Krakower G, Hoffmann RG, Binion DG.

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

OBJECTIVES: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), the preclinical stage of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), is a significant condition affecting up to 60% of cirrhotics. All MHE therapies modify gut microflora, but consensus regarding MHE treatment and long-term adherence studies is lacking. The aim was to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation in the form of a food item, probiotic yogurt, on MHE reversal and adherence. METHODS: Nonalcoholic MHE cirrhotics (defined by a standard psychometric battery) were randomized with unblinded allocation to receive probiotic yogurt (with proven culture stability) or no treatment (no Rx) for 60 days in a 2:1 ratio. Quality of life (short form [sF]-36), adherence, venous ammonia, model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores, and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [iL]-6) were also measured. Outcomes were MHE reversal using blinded scoring, OHE development, and adherence. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (17 yogurt, 8 no Rx; 84% Child class A) were enrolled. A significantly higher percentage of yogurt patients reversed MHE compared to no Rx patients (71%vs 0%, P= 0.003, intention-to-treat). Yogurt patients demonstrated a significant improvement in number connection test-A (NCT-A), block design test (BDT), and digit symbol test (DST) compared to baseline/no Rx group. Twenty-five percent of no Rx versus 0% of yogurt patients developed OHE during the trial. Eighty-eight percent of yogurt patients were adherent. No adverse effects or change in covariates were observed. All patients who completed the yogurt arm were agreeable to continue yogurt for 6 months if needed. CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrated a significant rate of MHE reversal and excellent adherence in cirrhotics after probiotic yogurt supplementation with potential for long-term adherence.

PMID: 18691193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of a carbohydrate fraction isolated from sugary kefir.

Moreira ME, Dos Santos MH, Zolini GP, Wouters AT, Carvalho JC, Schneedorf JM.

Laboratório de Fitofármacos, Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Unifenas, Brazil.

Kefir is an association of microrganisms generally grown in milk, with known probiotic activities identified from its soured suspensions. Aqueous media are also able to grow kefir, but little is known about the probiotic properties of its fermented products. This work aimed to evaluate some probiotic properties of a carbohydrate fraction isolated from sugary kefir (sugary kefir carbohydrate [sKC]). Anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated fraction of carbohydrate was tested both in vitro (cellular respirometry and macrophage culture) and in vivo (50% effective dose, rat paw edema, vascular permeability, and cicatrizing test). The results indicated no significant difference for oxygen uptake or macrophage culture between control and test groups. Rat paw edema, however, showed a significant inhibitory activity by 30 +/- 4% and 54 +/- 8% (P < .001) for carrageenan and dextran, respectively. In the cicatrizing test, animals treated with SKC cream also presented less trauma after treatments as compared to the negative control group (P < .05). The overall data suggested the SKC as a natural product that could be used as a constituent of an anti-inflammatory compound.

PMID: 18598180 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of the administration of a fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 on intestinal microbiota and gut associated immune cells of nursing mice and after weaning until immune maturity.

de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Dogi CA, Galdeano CM, Carmuega E, Weill R, Perdigón G.

Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán (T4000ILC) Tucumán, Argentina. [email protected]

BACKGROUND: Microbial colonization of the intestine after birth is an important step for the development of the gut immune system. The acquisition of passive immunity through breast-feeding may influence the pattern of bacterial colonization in the newborn. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the administration of a probiotic fermented milk (PFM) containing yogurt starter cultures and the probiotic bacteria strain Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 to mothers during nursing or their offspring, on the intestinal bacterial population and on parameters of the gut immune system. RESULTS: Fifteen mice of each group were sacrificed at ages 12, 21, 28 and 45 days. Large intestines were taken for determination of intestinal microbiota, and small intestines for the study of secretory-IgA (S-IgA) in fluid and the study of IgA+ cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and goblet cells on tissue samples. The consumption of the PFM either by the mother during nursing or by the offspring after weaning modified the development of bifidobacteria population in the large intestine of the mice. These modifications were accompanied with a decrease of enterobacteria population. The administration of this PFM to the mothers improved their own immune system and this also affected their offspring. Offspring from mice that received PFM increased S-IgA in intestinal fluids, which mainly originated from their mother's immune system. A decrease in the number of macrophages, dendritic cells and IgA+ cells during the suckling period in offspring fed with PFM was observed; this could be related with the improvement of the immunity of the mothers, which passively protect their babies. At day 45, the mice reach maturity of their own immune system and the effects of the PFM was the stimulation of their mucosal immunity. CONCLUSION: The present work shows the beneficial effect of the administration of a PFM not only to the mothers during the suckling period but also to their offspring after weaning and until adulthood. This effect positively improved the intestinal microbiota that are related with a modulation of the gut immune response, which was demonstrated with the stimulation of the IgA + cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.

PMID: 18554392 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of the ingestion of a symbiotic yogurt on the bowel habits of women with functional constipation.

De Paula JA, Carmuega E, Weill R.

Gastroenterology Division, Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: functional constipation is a prevalent problem within the western population. There is evidence supporting the fact that the inclusion of pre and probiotics in the diet can favorably modify the intestinal function. The present study evaluates the effect of the consumption of Activia, a yogurt containing 10(8) UFC/g of Bifidobacterium animalis (DN-173 010) and fructoligosaccharide, in women between the ages of 18 and 55 with and without functional constipation (Rome II criteria). METHODS: after a stabilization and a basal period, women were randomized to receive 2 units/day of Activia or a lacteous dessert without probiotics (control) for a period of 14 days. Afterwards the groups were intercrossed for another 14 days. RESULTS: of the 399 women who started the study, 378 were eligible for study participation. In the group of women with functional constipation (n=266), the consumption of the symbiotic was associated with a higher bowel evacuation rate (6.1+/-2.7 depositions/week with Activia vs. 5.0+/-2.6 dep./week in the control group; P<0.01), an improvement in the quality of the stools according to the Bristol scale (3.6+/-1.0 vs. 3.4+/-1.0; P<0.01), a reduced perception of straining effort (1.9+/-0.8 vs. 2.2+/-0.9; P<0.01) and a reduced perception of pain associated with defecation (0.1+/-0.2 vs. 0.2+/-0.3; P<0.01). In the group of women without constipation (n=112) there were statistically significant variations in equal sense but of smaller magnitude, with the exception of pain which, having a very low value in the basal period, did not experience changes. CONCLUSION: the consumption of a symbiotic yogurt by women with functional constipation showed a significant improvement in the parameters related with bowel evacuation. The use of this symbiotic food can result in a useful and safe tool for managing constipation.

PMID: 18533353 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Characterization of homofermentative lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains: potential use as probiotic.

Golowczyc MA, Gugliada MJ, Hollmann A, Delfederico L, Garrote GL, Abraham AG, Semorile L, De Antoni G.

Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.

Considering that several health promoting properties are associated with kefir consumption and a reliable probiotic product requires a complete identification of the bacterial species, the present work evaluates several proved markers of probiotic potential of eleven isolates of homofermentative lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains and molecular identification and genotypic diversity. Using restriction analysis of amplified ribosomal DNA (ARDRA) and analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA internal spacer region we confirmed that all homofermentative lactobacilli belong to the species Lactobacillus plantarum. RAPD-PCR analysis allowed the discrimination of lactobacilli in five clusters. All isolates exhibited high resistance to bile salt. High survival after one hour of exposure to pH 2.5 was observed in Lb. plantarum CIDCA 8313, 83210, 8327 and 8338. All isolates were hydrophilic and non autoaggregative. Isolate CIDCA 8337 showed the highest percentage of adhesion among strains. All tested lactobacilli had strong inhibitory power against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Seven out of eleven isolates showed inhibition against Sal. enterica and five isolates were effective against Sal. gallinarum. Only CIDCA 8323 and CIDCA 8327 were able to inhibit Sal. sonnei. We did not find any correlation between the five clusters based on RAPD-PCR and the probiotic properties, suggesting that these isolates have unique characteristics.

PMID: 18474139 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of kefir on glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in mice with colonic abnormal crypt formation (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM).

Cenesiz S, Devrim AK, Kamber U, Sozmen M.

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuzmayis, 55139 Samsun, Turkey. [email protected]

In this study we investigated the effect of kefir on the levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) in the liver, stomach, spleen and colon of mice with colonic aberrant crypts formed by azoxymethane (AOM). Thirty 12 weeks old Swiss Albino mice averaging 31.5 g weight were used as experimental animals. The mice were separated into 3 groups. The first group was the control group, second group was the AOM and third group was the AOM+kefir group. We applied AOM to the second and third groups. Mice were fed ad libitum by laboratory rodent chow during the experiment period. Water was given to the first and second groups and third group received only kefir diluted with water (50%). AOM was injected subcutaneously to the second and third groups for 7 weeks (two times a week, 5 mg/kg). Six weeks after the final AOM treatment the animals were sacrificed and liver, stomach, spleen and colon samples were collected from all the groups. MDA level demonstrated an increase only in stomach for the third group (p < 0.001), while an elevation was observed for all of the four organs for the second group (spleen p < 0.001, liver p < 0.001, colon p < 0.01). GSH level showed an increase in the second group at stomach (p < 0.01) and colon (p < 0.001), while in the third group, a small increase was determined only at the colon (p < 0.05). NO level increased at all of the organs in the second group (spleen, liver, colon p < 0.001, stomach p < 0.05), but only at liver and colon in the third group 3 (p < 0.001). In conclusion these results showed that kefir plays an antioxidant role.

PMID: 18265753 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Kefiran antagonizes cytopathic effects of Bacillus cereus extracellular factors.

Medrano M, Pérez PF, Abraham AG.

Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos - 47 y 116 s/n - La Plata 1900, Argentina.

Kefiran, the polysaccharide produced by microorganisms present in kefir grains, is a water-soluble branched glucogalactan containing equal amounts of D-glucose and D-galactose. In this study, the effect of kefiran on the biological activity of Bacillus cereus strain B10502 extracellular factors was assessed by using cultured human enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) and human erythrocytes. In the presence of kefiran concentrations ranging from 300 to 1000 mg/L, the ability of B. cereus B10502 spent culture supernatants to detach and damage cultured human enterocytes was significantly abrogated. In addition, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was higher when kefiran was present during the cell toxicity assays. Protection was also demonstrated in hemolysis and apoptosis/necrosis assays. Scanning electron microscopy showed the protective effect of kefiran against structural cell damages produced by factors synthesized by B. cereus strain B10502. Protective effect of kefiran depended on strain of B. cereus. Our findings demonstrate the ability of kefiran to antagonize key events of B. cereus B10502 virulence. This property, although strain-specific, gives new perspectives for the role of bacterial exopolysaccharides in functional foods.

PMID: 18174111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Inhibition of Bacillus cereus in milk fermented with kefir grains.

Kakisu EJ, Abraham AG, Pérez PF, De Antoni GL.

Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), 47 y 116 (1900), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.

The effects of kefir-fermented milk were tested against a toxigenic strain of Bacillus cereus. The incubation of milk with B. cereus spores plus 5% kefir grains prevented spore germination and growth of vegetative forms. In contrast, when 1% kefir grains was used, no effects were observed. The presence of metabolically active kefir grains diminished titers of nonhemolytic enterotoxin A, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. During fermentation, kefir microorganisms produce extracellular metabolites such as organic acids, which could play a role in the inhibition of spore germination and growth of B. cereus, although the effect of other factors cannot be ruled out. Results of the present study show that kefir-fermented milk is able to antagonize key mechanisms involved in the growth of B. cereus as well as interfere with the biological activity of this microorganism.

PMID: 18044443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Kefir extracts suppress in vitro proliferation of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells but not normal mammary epithelial cells.

Chen C, Chan HM, Kubow S.

School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.

Anti-tumorigenic effects have been demonstrated in animal studies from the intake of kefir, a traditional fermented milk product believed to originate from the Caucasian mountains of Russia. In the present study, the antiproliferative effects of extracts of kefir, yogurt, and pasteurized cow's milk on human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) was investigated at doses of 0.31%, 0.63%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (vol/vol). After 6 days of culture, extracts of kefir-fermented milk depressed MCF-7 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, showing 29% inhibition of proliferation at a concentration as low as 0.63%, whereas yogurt extracts began to show dose-dependent antiproliferative effects only at the 2.5% dose. Moreover, at the 2.5% dose, kefir extracts decreased the MCF-7 cell numbers by 56%, while yogurt extracts decreased MCF-7 cell proliferation by only 14%. No antiproliferative effects of kefir extracts were observed in the HMECs, while the yogurt extracts exerted antiproliferative effects on HMECs at the 5% and 10% doses. Unfermented milk extracts stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells and HMECs at concentrations above 0.31%. Peptide content and capillary electrophoresis analyses showed that kefir-mediated milk fermentation led to an increase in peptide concentrations and a change in peptide profiles relative to milk or yogurt.

The present findings suggest that kefir extracts contain constituents that specifically inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells, which might eventually be useful in the prevention or treatment of breast cancer.

PMID: 17887934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of kefir in a mouse asthma model.

Lee MY, Ahn KS, Kwon OK, Kim MJ, Kim MK, Lee IY, Oh SR, Lee HK.

Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 115, Yusung, Daejeon 305-600, Korea.

Kefir is a microbial symbiont mixture that produces jelly-like grains. As a widely used neutraceutical, however, the therapeutic applicability of kefir is not certain. In order to investigate the pharmacological effects of kefir, we used a mouse asthma model, in which airway inflammation and airway remodeling was produced by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged to ovalbumin, were treated with kefir (50mg/kg administered by intra-gastric mode) 1h before the ovalbumin challenge. Kefir significantly suppressed ovalbumin-induced airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine. Intra-gastric administration of kefir significantly inhibited the increase in the total inflammatory cell count induced by ovalbumin, and the eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cytokines, such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, and total immunoglobulin E (Ig E) levels, were also reduced to normal levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies demonstrate that kefir substantially inhibited ovalbumin-induced eosinophilia in lung tissue and mucus hyper-secretion by goblet cells in the airway. Kefir displayed anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects in a mouse asthma model and may possess new therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma.

PMID: 17869642 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Study of immune cells involved in the antitumor effect of kefir in a murine breast cancer model.

de Moreno de Leblanc A, Matar C, Farnworth E, Perdigón G.

Départment de Chimie-Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1A 3E9.

Administration of kefir and a kefir cell-free fraction (KF) to mice injected with breast tumor cells produced, locally in the mammary gland, different profiles of cells secreting cytokines. Here, the immune cell populations in mammary glands affected by the cyclic consumption of kefir or KF for 2 or 7 d were evaluated using a breast tumor model. Apoptosis was also assayed as another mechanism involved in tumor growth delay. The rate development of tumor cells, IgA(+) cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was monitored in mammary gland tissues. The number of Bcl-2(+) cells in the mammary gland was compared with the apoptosis observed in the tumor. Two-day cyclical administration of both products delayed tumor growth and increased the number of IgA(+) cells in the mammary gland. Changes in the balance between CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the mammary gland were observed in mice from the group fed KF cyclically for 2 d, such that the number of CD4+ cells increased when the number of CD8+ cells remained constant. Mice that received 2-d cyclic administration of KF showed significant increases in the number of apoptotic cells and decreases in Bcl-2(+) cells in the mammary gland, compared with the tumor control group. The present study allows a better understanding of the mechanisms (immune and nonimmune) involved in the antitumor effect observed in mice administered kefir or KF. The importance of nonmicrobial components released during milk fermentation to obtain the beneficial antitumor effects is also reported.

PMID: 17369232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

[Probiotics in allergic diseases of childhood]

Hauer A.

Klin. Abt. für Allgemeine Pädiatrie Univ.-Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Graz. [email protected]

The increase in allergic diseases in children in the industrialized countries is attributed, among things, to the "exaggerated hygiene" in early childhood typical of western lifestyle, since insufficient microbial exposure in this phase would appear to promote the development of allergies ("hygiene hypothesis"). Experimental data and initial results of clinical studies show that the immune system of infants can be stimulated by the endogenous intestinal flora. Probiotics, (apathogenic organisms present in human intestinal flora) have a very similar effect: Infants at risk of developing atopy, who, in the first 6 months of life received a special probiotic, contracted atopic dermatitis after two years only half as frequently as a control group of infants. Therapeutic effects were also observed in this clinical condition. For no other allergic manifestations have reports so far been published on the successful use of probiotics for prevention or treatment.

PMID: 16995361 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Hypocholesterolaemic effects of milk-kefir and soyamilk-kefir in cholesterol-fed hamsters.

Liu JR, Wang SY, Chen MJ, Chen HL, Yueh PY, Lin CW.

Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Taiwan. [email protected]

This study aimed to evaluate the hypocholesterolaemic property of milk-kefir and soyamilk-kefir. Male hamsters were fed on a cholesterol-free or cholesterol-enriched diet containing 10 % skimmed milk, milk-kefir, soyamilk or soyamilk-kefir for a period of 8 weeks. The soyamilk, milk-kefir and soyamilk-kefir diets all tended towards a lowering of serum triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, and a reduction of cholesterol accumulation in the liver, the decrease in serum cholesterol concentration being mainly in the non-HDL fraction. The soyamilk-kefir diet led to a significant increase in the faecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids compared with the other two diets. The soyamilk-kefir diet also elicited a significant decrease in the serum ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol, compared with the control, than was the case for the other diets. These findings demonstrate that soyamilk-kefir may be considered to be among the more promising food components in terms of preventing CVD through its hypocholesterolaemic action.

PMID: 16611384 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Og her er jeg kun nået til studier fra 2006 og fremad... tjek selv der er BUNKEVIS. Jeg glæder mig meget til at høre lidt fra alle dem der mildt sagt var kritiske og trods manglende argumenter latterliggjorde brugen af disse

[Davinchi]

Slet ingen af de før så høje herrer der har noget at sige?

[Zoater]

Slet ingen af de før så høje herrer der har noget at sige?

Din bortforklaring af risikoen ved brug af svampen blotter din uvidenhed omkring den humane fysiologi. Som eksempel kan jeg nævne at drikkens pH værdi ikke har indflydelse på blodets/cellernes pH-værdi. Derimod er det naturligvis de aktive stoffer i teen der optages og påvirker fysiologisk .

Jeg skal ikke udelukke nogle af de studier du har fundet frem kan støtte din teori omkring svampens gunstige virkning, men de fleste af undersøgelserne er lavet på mus/hamstre osv. Desuden bliver der stadigvæk ikke taget forbehold for bivirkninger.

Forskellen på medicin og naturmedicin er blot om der er påvist effekt/bivirkninger. Med andre ord, der er en grund til svampen bliver solgt som NATURmedicin!

[AndreasH]

Din bortforklaring af risikoen ved brug af svampen blotter din uvidenhed omkring den humane fysiologi. Som eksempel kan jeg nævne at drikkens pH værdi ikke har indflydelse på blodets/cellernes pH-værdi. Derimod er det naturligvis de aktive stoffer i teen der optages og påvirker fysiologisk .

Jeg skal ikke udelukke nogle af de studier du har fundet frem kan støtte din teori omkring svampens gunstige virkning, men de fleste af undersøgelserne er lavet på mus/hamstre osv. Desuden bliver der stadigvæk ikke taget forbehold for bivirkninger.

Forskellen på medicin og naturmedicin er blot om der er påvist effekt/bivirkninger. Med andre ord, der er en grund til svampen bliver solgt som NATURmedicin!

Kunne det ikke tænkes at forskellen er hvorvidt det drejer sig om naturmedicin eller ej! Man kan ikke tage patent på naturlige ting på samme måde som syntetiske varianter af naturlige stoffer! Meget medicin er blot en syntetisk analog over et allerede kendt naturprodukt men grundet økonomiske interesser er det nu mere profitabelt at handle med syntetisk medicin frem for urteekstrakter og lign!

[Zoater]

Kunne det ikke tænkes at forskellen er hvorvidt det drejer sig om naturmedicin eller ej! Man kan ikke tage patent på naturlige ting på samme måde som syntetiske varianter af naturlige stoffer! Meget medicin er blot en syntetisk analog over et allerede kendt naturprodukt men grundet økonomiske interesser er det nu mere profitabelt at handle med syntetisk medicin frem for urteekstrakter og lign!

Du har ret i at naturlægemidel kan indeholde aktive stoffer i meget små doser som også findes i medicin. Men din antagelse om at medicin = syntetiske præparater og analog til "naturlige"-produkter er forkert. Men faktum er at lægemiddelstyrrelsen giver lov til at sælge et naturlægemiddel hvis de aktive stoffer er meget lave i produktet, hvis der findes veldokumenteret vide omkring middelets positive virkning så stilles der pludselig langt højere krav til produktet (medicinen) med evidens for bivirkninger osv.

[-Elvirus-]

Slet ingen af de før så høje herrer der har noget at sige?

Davinchi, har du ikke mod på at hive et enkelt studie eller 2 ud du mener bakker dine synspunkter op. Du kan ikke forlange nogen skal forholde sig til +20 abstracts med svag relation til dine pointer, publiceret i indiske tidsskrifter.

[Davinchi]

e på at

Davinchi, har du ikke mod på at hive et enkelt studie eller 2 ud du mener bakker dine synspunkter op. Du kan ikke forlange nogen skal forholde sig til +20 abstracts med svag relation til dine pointer, publiceret i indiske tidsskrifter.

Jo gerne , min første post med 5 abstracts. Her er 4 stks dele af konklussionen jeg havde understreget flg.

These results show that Kombucha tea has potent anti-oxidant and immunopotentiating activities.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that K-tea has potent antioxidant and immunomodulating properties.

CONCLUSION: The study shows that K-tea has anti-stress and hepato-protective activities.

The study indicates that rats fed KT for 90 days showed no toxic effects.

Det er fuldkommen rigtigt at forsøgene kun er blevet lavet på rotter og mus, men dyreforsøg er til dato stadig den mest anvendte metode til at teste for toksicitet og for at screene efter mulige lægemiddelkandiddater.

Jeg vil ikke sige med nogen form for sikkerhed at dette beviser de samme effekter in vitro på mennesker, blot at det kunne tyde på at combuchadrikning kan have immun stimulerende, lever stimulerende, ingen umiddelbar toksicitet og kraftig antioxiderende virkning.

Indiske tidsskrifter er så vidt jeg ved på dette felt på ingen måder underlødige i forhold til andre... din pointe med at pointere dette er?

[Zoater]

Jo gerne , min første post med 5 abstracts. Her er 4 stks dele af konklussionen jeg havde understreget flg.

These results show that Kombucha tea has potent anti-oxidant and immunopotentiating activities.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that K-tea has potent antioxidant and immunomodulating properties.

CONCLUSION: The study shows that K-tea has anti-stress and hepato-protective activities.

The study indicates that rats fed KT for 90 days showed no toxic effects.

Det er fuldkommen rigtigt at forsøgene kun er blevet lavet på rotter og mus, men dyreforsøg er til dato stadig den mest anvendte metode til at teste for toksicitet og for at screene efter mulige lægemiddelkandiddater.

Jeg vil ikke sige med nogen form for sikkerhed at dette beviser de samme effekter in vitro på mennesker, blot at det kunne tyde på at combuchadrikning kan have immun stimulerende, lever stimulerende, ingen umiddelbar toksicitet og kraftig antioxiderende virkning.

Indiske tidsskrifter er så vidt jeg ved på dette felt på ingen måder underlødige i forhold til andre... din pointe med at pointere dette er?

Ja dyreforsøg bruges i første rundte, derefter kommer altid menneske forsøg - rotte modeller er fine, men langtfra overførbare på mennesker. Som jeg ser det her har du fundet indikationer for svampen virker, men dette evidens grundlag er altså rimelig tyndt.

Med hensyn til den toksiske effekt, så er problemet at du med svampen har en ukontroleret process - der måske oftes går godt. Du ved bare ikke hvornår det er gået galt? I sådan et tilfælde vil jeg lave et simpelt cost-benefit:

svage indikationer på virkning (vi ved virkningen er svag jf. naturlægemiddel) VS. lav risiko for alvorlige bivirkninger

Kan du se hvilken vej vippen hælder??? hvis virkningen er svag så SKAL bivirkningerne også være harmløse... det går ikke at en hovedepinepille i 0.01% af tilfældene dræber patienten

[Davinchi]

Hvad er det for en omgang sludder, naturlægemidler er på ingen måder lig en svag effekt.. jeg tror du blander jura sammen med farmakologi. Kombucha bliver såvidt jeg ved ikke forhandlet i nogen form som naturlægemiddel i Danmark.

Mht. at naturlægemidler skulle have en svag farmakologisk effekt vil jeg henstille dig til at læse lidt på digoxin, tropane alkaloider og ergotamin som alle han indfundet sig i medicinsk praksis (dog som standardiseret farmaceutisk produkt) og som alle kan findes i naturlige kilder i høje doser.

Med hensyn til den toksiske effekt, så er problemet at du med svampen har en ukontroleret process - der måske oftes går godt. Du ved bare ikke hvornår det er gået galt? I sådan et tilfælde vil jeg lave et simpelt cost-benefit:

Dette må du godt specificere, såvidt jeg ved kan de færreste mikroorganismer leve ved lav pH som drikken jo netop har og chancen for vildgær er derfor ganske lille hvis bare sanitære forhold opholdes. jeg vil også gerne høre hvordan du mener det kan betegnes som en "ukontroleret process". kan du da finde mig en kilde på at kombucha skulle kunne producere toksiske stoffer under gærring af sukker?

Mit evidensgrundlag er svagt, kommer det fra personen der retter kritik og drager konklusioner uden at have en eneste kilde til at bakke sine påstande op med.

Du må meget gerne vise mig kilden hvorfra du kan se at virkningen er svag... For jeg kan se 2 kilder der benytter ordet potent.

main Entry:

1po·tent

Pronunciation:

\ˈpō-tənt\

Function:

adjective

Etymology:

Middle English, from Latin potent-, potens (present participle of posse to be able), from Latin potis, pote able; akin to Gothic brūthfaths bridegroom, Greek posis husband, Sanskrit pati master

Date:

15th century

1: having or wielding force, authority, or influence : powerful

2: achieving or bringing about a particular result : effective

3 a: chemically or medicinally effective <a potent vaccine> b: rich in a characteristic constituent <a potent drink>

4: able to copulate —usually used of the male

— po·tent·ly adverb

Edited December 29, 2008 by Davinchi

[Zoater]

Hvad er det for en omgang sludder, naturlægemidler er på ingen måder lig en svag effekt.. jeg tror du blander jura sammen med farmakologi. Kombucha bliver såvidt jeg ved ikke forhandlet i nogen form som naturlægemiddel i Danmark.

Mht. at naturlægemidler skulle have en svag farmakologisk effekt vil jeg henstille dig til at læse lidt på digoxin, tropane alkaloider og ergotamin som alle han indfundet sig i medicinsk praksis (dog som standardiseret farmaceutisk produkt) og som alle kan findes i naturlige kilder i høje doser.

Dette må du godt specificere, såvidt jeg ved kan de færreste mikroorganismer leve ved lav pH som drikken jo netop har og chancen for vildgær er derfor ganske lille hvis bare sanitære forhold opholdes. jeg vil også gerne høre hvordan du mener det kan betegnes som en "ukontroleret process". kan du da finde mig en kilde på at kombucha skulle kunne producere toksiske stoffer under gærring af sukker?

Du må meget gerne vise mig kilden hvorfra du kan se at virkningen er svag... For jeg kan se 2 kilder der benytter ordet potent.

main Entry:

1po·tent

Pronunciation:

\ˈpō-tənt\

Function:

adjective

Etymology:

Middle English, from Latin potent-, potens (present participle of posse to be able), from Latin potis, pote able; akin to Gothic brūthfaths bridegroom, Greek posis husband, Sanskrit pati master

Date:

15th century

1: having or wielding force, authority, or influence : powerful

2: achieving or bringing about a particular result : effective

3 a: chemically or medicinally effective <a potent vaccine> b: rich in a characteristic constituent <a potent drink>

4: able to copulate —usually used of the male

— po·tent·ly adverb

Jeg orker ikke gangetage mig selv, læs min post ang naturlægemiddler så får du svaret på det første, om hvornår det kaldes naturlægemiddel og hvornår det blive medicin (med flere evidens krav om bivirkninger mm). Mit postulat ang ukontroleret process, var gætværk, men relaterede sig til det forsøg der tidligere blev postet med en masse grimme bivirkninger.

Hvis det virkelig virkede , hvorfor findes der så ingen studier på mennesker...hvor man kan se længere levealder og færre sygdomme??? det er jo ikke noget nyt middel.

[Zoater]

Nu nævner du gærring, men gærre man netop ikke normalt ved lav pH...her tænker jeg på vin øl mm. ?

[Davinchi]

Hvis et middel skal sælges under etiketten naturlægemiddel eller kosttilskud er der langt mindre krav til effekt og faktisk også bivirkninger end under etiketten medicin i DK. til gengæld må midlet ikke tilskrives nogen medicinsk virkning. Hvis du nu læser min post en gang til kan du se at der såvidt jeg ved IKKE findes kombucha til salg som naturlægemiddel i DK. Din snak er derfor fuldkommen ligegyldig. Sundhedsstyrelsen har derfor ikke været indeover (endnu). og hele denne snak handler derfor om den JURIDISKE side af sagen. Jeg kan ikke finde kombucha på sundhedstyrelsens liste over markeds førte lægemidler i hvert fald, link meget gerne hvis jeg tager fejl.

Rent farmakologisk findes der ikke en sådanne sammenhængen og det er derfor forkert at drage konklusionen at det har en svag virkning på baggrund af at drikken kommer direkte fra en naturlig kilde. Læs nu lidt op på de substanser jeg listede lige før som alle kommer fra naturlige kilder og alle kan kaldes naturlægemidler (i den farmaceutiske forstand).

Hvis du nu smutter en tur på pubmed vil du opdage at langt de fleste studier og bla. dem jeg citere længere oppe er lavet for nyligt eller i 2008. Dette kunne måske antyde at der er øget interesse for drikken eller det kan blot være tilfælde. uanset hvad er det ikke sikkert at sige noget før der er lavet in vitro studier, men vedmindre du kan finde en kilde for andet tyder meget på at drikken har effekt og en stor sikkerhedsmargen.

[Davinchi]

Nu nævner du gærring, men gærre man netop ikke normalt ved lav pH...her tænker jeg på vin øl mm. ?

ikke øl, men vindruesaften er sur jo... hvad er din pointe?

Og den livsforlængende effekt du spørger om? ja det gælder ihvertfald for mus hehe

Both male and female mice who drank kombucha lived longer than controls (P < 0.001), with the greatest

Edited December 29, 2008 by Davinchi

[Schroinx]

Det er fuldkommen rigtigt at forsøgene kun er blevet lavet på rotter og mus, men dyreforsøg er til dato stadig den mest anvendte metode til at teste for toksicitet og for at screene efter mulige lægemiddelkandiddater.

Man laver dyreforøg inden man laver forsøg med mennesker, fordi man netop er nød til at lave forsøg med mennesker, da de ikke behøver at have samme udkomme som forsøg med dyr. Ergo beviser forsøg med dyr ikke en dyt. De giver en indikation af en mulighed, intet andet.

Så dine henvisninger ændrer ikke på noget som helst.

[Davinchi]

Man laver dyreforøg inden man laver forsøg med mennesker, fordi man netop er nød til at lave forsøg med mennesker, da de ikke behøver at have samme udkomme som forsøg med dyr. Ergo beviser forsøg med dyr ikke en dyt. De giver en indikation af en mulighed, intet andet.

Så dine henvisninger ændrer ikke på noget som helst.

Du kan jo starte med at læse op på, at langt de fleste antioxidative stoffer indgår i nøjagtigt de samme mekanismer i alle pattedyr. Der er derfor ikke så svært at forestille sig at dette ikke vil være nogen undtagelse.

[Zoater]

Du kan jo starte med at læse op på, at langt de fleste antioxidative stoffer indgår i nøjagtigt de samme mekanismer i alle pattedyr. Der er derfor ikke så svært at forestille sig at dette ikke vil være nogen undtagelse.

Hvad baggrund har du i medicinsk-forskning?

Nu studere jeg inden for det sundhedsvidenskabelige felt og mange af dine postulater er altså ikke gældende når vi snakker evidens baseret medicin....

[Davinchi]

Har du lyst til at præcisere det en smule?

Edited January 13, 2009 by Davinchi